Penetration Testing

Penetration testing is a dynamic security assessment technique used to evaluate systems, networks, or applications by simulating real-world attacks. Unlike standard vulnerability assessments that identify potential issues, penetration testing actively exploits vulnerabilities—sometimes through methods like buffer overflow attacks—to determine if unauthorized access or system compromise is possible.

Penetration tests are generally categorized into three types based on the tester's level of prior knowledge:

• A known penetration test provides the tester with comprehensive documentation of the environment or application, allowing for an in-depth analysis.
• An unknown penetration test is conducted without any prior information, emulating the perspective of an external attacker with no insider insights.
• A partially known test offers limited information, striking a balance between the other two approaches.

A critical component of penetration testing is its resemblance to the reconnaissance phase employed by adversaries during a cyber attack. Reconnaissance techniques can be broadly grouped into two categories: active and passive.

Active Reconnaissance

Active reconnaissance involves direct interaction with the target system. Testers use techniques like port scanning and service enumeration to extract details such as software versions, configuration data, and running services. This method provides real-time insights into potential vulnerabilities.

Passive Reconnaissance

In contrast, passive reconnaissance gathers public information without directly engaging with the target. This approach leverages open-source intelligence (OSINT), WHOIS records to ascertain domain ownership, network traffic analysis for identifying IP addresses and ports, and even data from social media platforms.