Create Monitor and Kill Processes

1. Launching a Process
2. Inspecting Processes with ps
2.1 Exploring ps Options
2.2 Understanding ps aux Columns
3. Real-Time Monitoring with top
4. Targeted Process Listings
5. Managing Process Priority (Niceness)
5.1 Launching with nice
5.2 Viewing Niceness
5.3 Changing with renice
6. Signals and kill
Example: Restarting sshd
7. Shell Job Control
8. Open Files with lsof
Links and References

Understanding how to manage processes is fundamental for any Linux administrator. A process is simply a running instance of a program, from short-lived commands like ls to long-running services.

1. Launching a Process

For example, running:

[aaron@LFCS-CentOS ~]$ ls
absolute_picture_shortcut  all_output.txt  archive.tar  archive.zip  Desktop
Documents                 Downloads       file1        file1.gz     file2
file2.bz2                 file3           file3.xz     fstab_shortcut Music
nomachine_7.7.4_1_x86_64.rpm Pictures    Public       shortcut_to_directory
script.sh                 Templates       testfile     videos
[aaron@LFCS-CentOS ~]$

creates a short-lived ls process that exits once the directory contents are shown.

2. Inspecting Processes with `ps`

The ps command lists active processes. It has two distinct option styles:

Syntax Style	Example	Description
UNIX-style	`ps -e`	Show every process
BSD-style	`ps axu`	All processes in user-oriented format

To view all processes in a user-friendly layout, combine a (others’ processes), x (no controlling terminal), and u (user format):

ps aux

USER       PID %CPU %MEM    VSZ   RSS TTY      STAT START   TIME COMMAND
root         1  0.0  0.3 241296 14000 ?        Ss   Mar23   0:01 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd
aaron     6601  6.2  4.8 3142460 185096 ?       S    10:27   0:06 gnome-shell
… more …

2.1 Exploring `ps` Options

The image shows a terminal window displaying the manual page for the ps command, which reports a snapshot of current processes. It includes sections like NAME, SYNOPSIS, and DESCRIPTION, explaining the command's usage and options.

Common invocations from the manual:

Full format

ps -ef       # UNIX full format
ps axu       # BSD with user columns

Process tree
```
ps -ejH
ps axjf
```
Thread details
```
ps -Elf
ps axms
```

2.2 Understanding `ps aux` Columns

Column	Description
USER	Process owner
PID	Process ID
%CPU	CPU usage at sample time
%MEM	Physical memory usage
VSZ	Virtual memory size (KB)
RSS	Resident Set Size (KB)
STAT	Process state
START	Start time or date
TIME	Cumulative CPU time
COMMAND	Command with arguments

Kernel threads run in kernel space and appear in square brackets, e.g., [kworker/0:1].

3. Real-Time Monitoring with `top`

To watch processes live:

top

top - 10:15:42 up 2:31, 1 user, load average: 0.01, 0.05, 0.03
Tasks: 236 total,   1 running, 235 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
%Cpu(s): 0.5 us, 0.2 sy, 99.3 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st
MiB Mem : 3731.4 total, 1588.9 free, 915.6 used, 1227.1 buff/cache
MiB Swap: 2048.0 total, 2048.0 free,   0.0 used. 2554.1 avail Mem

  PID USER   PR  NI    VIRT    RES    SHR S  %CPU %MEM     TIME+ COMMAND
 6601 aaron  20   0 3142460 185096 104268 S   6.2  4.8   00:06.60 gnome-shell
    1 root   20   0 241296   14000   8912 S   0.0  0.4   00:01.26 systemd
…

Use arrow keys or Page Up/Page Down to navigate.
Press Q to quit.

4. Targeted Process Listings

Task	Command
By PID	`ps -p 1` or `ps -p 1 -u`
By user	`ps -u aaron`
By name (with `pgrep`)	`pgrep -a syslog`

# Find syslog processes:
pgrep -a syslog
# Kill them:
pkill -KILL syslog

5. Managing Process Priority (Niceness)

Niceness spans -20 (highest priority) to 19 (lowest). Lower niceness → higher scheduling priority.

5.1 Launching with `nice`

nice -n 11 bash

5.2 Viewing Niceness

ps -l | head -n 6
  F   UID   PID  PPID PRI NI    VSZ   RSS WCHAN STAT COMMAND
…                                   
0 1000 6543 6540  20   0 658840 19268 – SL+   /usr/bin/gnome-shell
4 1000 6673 6669  20  11 302924  8516 – Sl    bash

The NI column shows the niceness value.

5.3 Changing with `renice`

# Increase niceness (lower priority):
renice 15 6673
# Decrease niceness (requires sudo):
sudo renice -5 6673

6. Signals and `kill`

Linux uses signals to control processes:

Signal	Number	Description
SIGHUP	1	Hangup/reload
SIGINT	2	Interrupt (Ctrl+C)
SIGTERM	15	Graceful shutdown
SIGKILL	9	Force kill (uncatchable)

# List all signal names and numbers:
kill -l

You can omit the SIG prefix:

kill -s KILL 1234
kill -9 1234
kill 1234       # defaults to SIGTERM

Using SIGKILL (kill -9) does not allow cleanup and may leave resources in an inconsistent state. Use SIGTERM first.

Example: Restarting `sshd`

systemctl status sshd.service
sudo kill -SIGHUP 1147
systemctl status sshd.service
# sshd[1147]: Received SIGHUP; restarting.

7. Shell Job Control

Action	Keystroke or Command
Interrupt (SIGINT)	Ctrl+C
Pause/Stop (SIGTSTP)	Ctrl+Z
Background a command	`sleep 180 &`
List jobs	`jobs`
Bring job to foreground	`fg %1`
Resume in background	`bg %1`

8. Open Files with `lsof`

List files opened by a PID:
```
lsof -p 8401
```
Find which process holds a file:
```
sudo lsof /var/log/messages
```

Use sudo when required to avoid permission denied errors.

That concludes our guide on creating, monitoring, and killing processes in Linux. Practice these commands in a lab environment to master process management.

Links and References

Watch Video

Command Substitution

GNU Screen

Introduction

System Architecture

Linux Installation and Package Management

GNU and Unix Commands

Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard

Conclusion and Mock Exam

Create Monitor and Kill Processes

1. Launching a Process

2. Inspecting Processes with `ps`

2.1 Exploring `ps` Options

2.2 Understanding `ps aux` Columns

3. Real-Time Monitoring with `top`

4. Targeted Process Listings

5. Managing Process Priority (Niceness)

5.1 Launching with `nice`

5.2 Viewing Niceness

5.3 Changing with `renice`

6. Signals and `kill`

Example: Restarting `sshd`

7. Shell Job Control

8. Open Files with `lsof`

Links and References

Watch Video

Introduction

System Architecture

Linux Installation and Package Management

GNU and Unix Commands

Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard

Conclusion and Mock Exam

Documentation Index

​1. Launching a Process

​2. Inspecting Processes with ps

​2.1 Exploring ps Options

​2.2 Understanding ps aux Columns

​3. Real-Time Monitoring with top

​4. Targeted Process Listings

​5. Managing Process Priority (Niceness)

​5.1 Launching with nice

​5.2 Viewing Niceness

​5.3 Changing with renice

​6. Signals and kill

​Example: Restarting sshd

​7. Shell Job Control

​8. Open Files with lsof

​Links and References

Watch Video

1. Launching a Process

2. Inspecting Processes with `ps`

2.1 Exploring `ps` Options

2.2 Understanding `ps aux` Columns

3. Real-Time Monitoring with `top`

4. Targeted Process Listings

5. Managing Process Priority (Niceness)

5.1 Launching with `nice`

5.2 Viewing Niceness

5.3 Changing with `renice`

6. Signals and `kill`

Example: Restarting `sshd`

7. Shell Job Control

8. Open Files with `lsof`

Links and References