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Welcome students to today’s lesson on CloudFront. We will dive into its caching mechanism and address potential issues that may arise during deployment.

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Cache Behavior Overview

CloudFront leverages cache behaviors and cache policies to determine both the origin from which to retrieve objects and the duration these objects remain fresh. When a request is received, CloudFront evaluates the URL and additional components to decide whether to serve the content from cache or fetch it from the origin. For example, a request for an image may be cached for an extended period (e.g., one week) because such assets typically remain unchanged. In contrast, dynamic content—like that served from /app interacting with an EC2 instance—might only be cached for as short as six seconds. The diagram below demonstrates how CloudFront’s caching behavior defines which content is cached and which is not:
The image illustrates how cache behavior in CloudFront directs requests to different origins, such as an S3 bucket for images and an EC2 instance for applications.

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Request Flow and Cache Key Generation

When a user accesses a URL, DNS routing directs the request to the nearest CloudFront edge location. Here, a unique cache key is generated based on the request details. If the associated content exists in the cache, it is served immediately; otherwise, CloudFront retrieves the content from the origin, caches it, and then delivers it to the user. The flowchart below outlines the step-by-step process of how CloudFront manages caching—from user request at the edge location, cache key generation, checking for a cache hit or miss, and finally fetching from the origin when needed:
The image is a flowchart illustrating the CloudFront caching process, showing the steps from a user request to edge location, cache key generation, cache check (hit or miss), and retrieval from the origin if there's a miss.
For instance, a request for example.com/articles/welcome.html uses the entire URL as its cache key. If the URLs are randomized (for example, by appending a random number), each request generates a new cache key, leading to fewer cache hits. Therefore, maintaining static URLs—especially when dynamic URL parameters are unnecessary—will streamline the caching process.
The image illustrates the process of CloudFront cache keys, showing how a user request for a webpage is handled, with a cache key based on the hostname and resource. If the content is not in the cache, it is retrieved from the origin server.
When content is already cached for a user, CloudFront serves it directly, reducing latency. Keep in mind that any change in the URL will refresh the cache. This is why version numbers are often added to image files or HTML filenames—to force cache invalidation when updates occur.

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Components of a Cache Key

A cache key can be composed of several elements including the URL path, query strings, headers, cookies, and even the host. For instance, a query string parameter like resolution=1080p or a cookie containing a session ID may be part of the cache key. CloudFront also supports optimizations, such as compression, to reduce data transfer. The diagram below outlines all the possible components that can form a cache key:
The image illustrates cache key components, detailing URL paths, query strings, headers, cookies, host, and user-agent information.
By default, CloudFront includes a comprehensive set of these components, but you can customize this through cache policies.

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Understanding Cache and Origin Request Policies

While the cache policy dictates the construction of the cache key and the lifespan of cached objects, the origin request policy specifies which headers, cookies, and query strings should be forwarded to the origin server. For example, if your S3 bucket requires a specific language header, you can configure that in the origin request policy. This policy can influence the cache key by incorporating additional values—such as language preferences—to tailor the request more precisely.
The image illustrates an "Origin Request Policy" for a CloudFront distribution, showing how requests from users are processed and forwarded to an S3 bucket, including headers, cookies, and query strings. It highlights the inclusion of extra values in the origin request and specifies a cache policy for a specific hostname and resource.
Using AWS managed policies can simplify the process, as they are designed to address many common use cases efficiently.

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Potential Caching Issues and Mitigation Strategies

CloudFront caching may face several challenges, including stale content and increased origin load due to low cache hit ratios. Below are common scenarios along with recommended solutions:
  1. If CloudFront serves outdated content because the TTL (time-to-live) is set t…
If CloudFront serves outdated content because the TTL (time-to-live) is set too high, consider the following approaches:
  • Invalidate the cache for specific files.
  • Implement versioning within your filenames.
  • Adjust the TTL values appropriately.
The diagram below highlights typical causes and solutions regarding stale content:
The image explains the issue of stale or outdated content in CloudFront, highlighting the cause as long TTL or insufficient invalidation, and suggesting solutions like invalidating outdated files and using shorter TTL for dynamic content.
  1. Dynamic content with frequently changing URLs can result in cache misses and …
Dynamic content with frequently changing URLs can result in cache misses and higher origin load. To mitigate this:
  • Optimize cache keys by removing unnecessary query parameters.
  • Configure CloudFront to ignore certain query parameters to improve cache hit ratios.
The diagram below illustrates the impacts of improper cache configuration leading to cache misses and increased latency:
The image explains cache misses and increased latency, highlighting causes like improper configuration and solutions such as configuring TTL values and optimizing cache settings.
  1. While cache invalidation is a useful feature, frequent requests for invalidat…
While cache invalidation is a useful feature, frequent requests for invalidation can lead to higher costs. Instead of relying on mass invalidations, consider versioning filenames to ease this process.
The following diagram explains how excessive invalidation requests can escalate costs:
The image explains cache invalidation costs, highlighting that frequent invalidation requests increase costs due to CloudFront charges. It suggests using file versioning and planning specific invalidations as solutions.
  1. High cache miss rates can lead to an excessive load on origin servers
High cache miss rates can lead to an excessive load on origin servers. Mitigation strategies include:
  • Optimizing caching configurations.
  • Adjusting TTL values.
  • Implementing features such as Origin Shield, which acts as an additional caching layer to reduce the burden on your origin servers.
The diagram below illustrates how optimizing caching rules and employing Origin Shield help manage origin server load:
The image explains the issue of excessive load on origin servers due to inefficient caching, with causes like high cache misses and solutions such as optimizing caching rules and using Origin Shield.
Monitoring tools like CloudWatch and detailed log analysis of CloudFront access provide valuable insights for troubleshooting and resolving caching issues.

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Summary

Understanding the intricate workings of CloudFront caching—encompassing cache behavior, cache key generation, cache policies, and origin request policies—is vital for optimizing content delivery and performance. By experimenting with TTL values and defining precise cache keys, you can prevent stale content, reduce latency, and minimize the load on origin servers. We’ll catch you in the next lesson.

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