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In this article, we explore how traits in Rust allow you to define shared behavior across different types. Think of a trait as a contract: when a type implements a trait, it promises to provide the behaviors defined by that trait. This is similar to interfaces in languages like Java or C#, but with a unique Rust twist.
The image is an introduction to traits, explaining that they define shared behavior across types, act like contracts, promise certain behaviors when implemented, and enable polymorphism.
Traits are crucial for writing reusable and flexible code since they let you define methods common to various types, thereby enabling polymorphism—a key feature in many programming languages.

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Why Use Traits?

Traits offer several benefits:
  • Code Reusability: Define a set of methods once, and then implement them for various types. This reduces redundancy and makes code maintenance easier.
  • Polymorphism: Write functions that operate on any type meeting a specific trait requirement, making your code adaptable and extensible.
The image explains the benefits of using traits in programming, highlighting "Code Reusability" and "Polymorphism" with brief descriptions for each.

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A Simple Example: The Sendable Trait

Imagine you are building a system that handles different types of messages, such as SMS and emails. Each message type should implement a send method. To achieve this, you can define a trait that enforces this behavior. Below is an example of the Sendable trait along with two structs (Email and SMS) that implement it: 
pub trait Sendable {
    fn send(&self) -> String;
}

struct Email {
    recipient: String,
    subject: String,
    body: String,
}

impl Sendable for Email {
    fn send(&self) -> String {
        format!("Sending email to {}: {}", self.recipient, self.subject)
    }
}

struct SMS {
    phone_number: String,
    message: String,
}

impl Sendable for SMS {
    fn send(&self) -> String {
        format!("Sending SMS to {}: {}", self.phone_number, self.message)
    }
}
In the code above, the Sendable trait guarantees that any type that implements it will provide a definition for the send method. Both Email and SMS offer their own specific implementations.

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Running the Code

Below is a main function that creates instances of Email and SMS and calls their respective send implementations: 
fn main() {
    let email = Email {
        recipient: String::from("[email protected]"),
        subject: String::from("Meeting Reminder"),
        body: String::from("Don't forget about our meeting tomorrow at 10 AM."),
    };

    let sms = SMS {
        phone_number: String::from("+1234567890"),
        message: String::from("Your OTP is 123456."),
    };

    println!("{}", email.send());
    println!("{}", sms.send());
}
When you compile and run the program, the output should look like: 
Sending email to [email protected]: Meeting Reminder
Sending SMS to +1234567890: Your OTP is 123456.
The Sendable trait acts as a contract ensuring that both Email and SMS provide a send method even though their implementations differ.

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Using Traits as Function Parameters

Traits enable polymorphism by allowing functions to accept any type that implements a specific trait. For example, consider the following function that accepts an item that implements Sendable: 
fn send_message(item: &impl Sendable) {
    println!("{}", item.send());
}
Both Email and SMS can be passed to this function: 
fn main() {
    let email = Email {
        recipient: String::from("[email protected]"),
        subject: String::from("Meeting Reminder"),
        body: String::from("Don't forget about our meeting tomorrow at 10 AM."),
    };

    let sms = SMS {
        phone_number: String::from("+1234567890"),
        message: String::from("Your OTP is 123456."),
    };

    send_message(&email);
    send_message(&sms);
}
This approach demonstrates polymorphism: the send_message function doesn’t care if the item is an email or SMS—it only requires that the item implements Sendable.

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Default Implementations in Traits

Rust allows you to provide default method implementations within a trait. If a type does not offer its own version, the default is used. For instance, consider an updated Sendable trait with a default send method: 
pub trait Sendable {
    fn send(&self) -> String {
        String::from("Sending a message...")
    }
}
If a type, such as PushNotification, implements Sendable without overriding the send method, the default implementation is applied. Here is the complete example: 
pub trait Sendable {
    fn send(&self) -> String {
        String::from("Sending a message...")
    }
}

struct Email {
    recipient: String,
    subject: String,
    body: String,
}

impl Sendable for Email {
    fn send(&self) -> String {
        format!("Sending email to {}: {}", self.recipient, self.subject)
    }
}

struct SMS {
    phone_number: String,
    message: String,
}

impl Sendable for SMS {
    fn send(&self) -> String {
        format!("Sending SMS to {}: {}", self.phone_number, self.message)
    }
}

struct PushNotification {
    title: String,
    content: String,
}

impl Sendable for PushNotification {}

fn send_message(item: &impl Sendable) {
    println!("{}", item.send());
}

fn main() {
    let push = PushNotification {
        title: String::from("Update Available"),
        content: String::from("Your app has a new update!"),
    };
    send_message(&push);
}
Running this code outputs: 
Sending a message...
Default implementations are useful when a specific behavior is not required for a type, yet the type benefits from implementing the trait.

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Using Trait Bounds with Generics

Traits can also be combined with generics to constrain the types that can be passed to a function. The example below creates a function to log any message that implements Sendable: 
pub trait Sendable {
    fn send(&self) -> String {
        String::from("Sending a message...")
    }
}

fn log_message<T: Sendable>(item: &T) {
    println!("Logging: {}", item.send());
}

struct Email {
    recipient: String,
    subject: String,
    body: String,
}

impl Sendable for Email {
    fn send(&self) -> String {
        format!("Sending email to {}: {}", self.recipient, self.subject)
    }
}

fn main() {
    let email = Email {
        recipient: String::from("[email protected]"),
        subject: String::from("Meeting Reminder"),
        body: String::from("Don't forget about our meeting tomorrow at 10 AM."),
    };

    log_message(&email);
}
Here, the trait bound T: Sendable guarantees that the generic type T implements Sendable. This makes the log_message function both flexible and type-safe.
The image is a slide titled "Trait Bounds and Generics," explaining that a generic type must implement a trait and that generics make functions flexible and type-safe.

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Summary

Traits in Rust empower developers to define shared behavior with clear contracts, promoting modularity, reusability, and type safety. Here are the key takeaways:
  1. Shared Behavior: Traits define methods that various types can implement, ensuring consistent behavior.
  2. Polymorphism: Functions can operate on any type that implements the necessary trait.
  3. Default Implementations: Traits can provide a default behavior that can be overridden by specific types.
  4. Generics and Trait Bounds: Traits with generics offer flexibility while maintaining type safety.
The image is a summary of key points about traits in programming, highlighting shared behavior, implementation, polymorphism, default methods, and generics. It is visually organized with numbered points and a gradient background.
By leveraging traits, you can build modular, reusable, and extensible programs in Rust that enforce clear contracts and ensure robust type safety.

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