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In this lab exercise, you will learn how to configure persistent storage for your Kubernetes workloads by deploying a Pod that writes log entries to a file, configuring a hostPath volume to persist logs, creating a Persistent Volume (PV) and Persistent Volume Claim (PVC), resolving binding issues due to access mode mismatches, updating the Pod to use the PVC, and finally exploring the reclaim policy behavior upon deletion.

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Viewing Application Logs Inside the Pod

After deploying the web application Pod, you can check its status and view the logs generated by the application. The application writes its log entries to /log/app.log within the container. To view these logs, run the following command: 
kubectl exec webapp -- cat /log/app.log
This command displays the log entries generated by your application. If the Pod were deleted, the logs stored within the container would be lost since they reside on the default ephemeral volume provided by Kubernetes. To verify the Pod configuration, use: 
kubectl describe pod webapp
Notice that there is no additional volume configured to persist the logs.

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Configuring a HostPath Volume for Log Storage

Currently, the /log/app.log file exists only within the container’s file system. To ensure log persistence even when the Pod is recreated, you need to configure a hostPath volume. This involves mounting a directory from the host system (for example, /var/log/webapp) into the container.
  1. Verify the Host Directory First, ensure that the host directory exists and is empty: 
    ls /var/log/webapp
  2. Update the Pod Configuration Next, edit the Pod configuration to add a volume named log-volume of type hostPath: 
    apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: webapp
  namespace: default
spec:
  containers:
  - name: event-simulator
    image: kodekloud/event-simulator
    imagePullPolicy: Always
    env:
      - name: LOG_HANDLERS
        value: file
    volumeMounts:
      - name: kube-api-access-lmntb
        mountPath: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount
        readOnly: true
      - name: log-volume
        mountPath: /log
  dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst
  nodeName: controlplane
  restartPolicy: Always
  volumes:
  - name: kube-api-access-lmntb
    projected:
      defaultMode: 420
      sources:
        - serviceAccountToken:
            expirationSeconds: 3607
            path: token
  - name: log-volume
    hostPath:
      path: /var/log/webapp
  3. Apply the Configuration Save your changes. In some cases, direct edits to a running Pod may be rejected. If so, force the update by saving the configuration to a temporary file and executing: 
    kubectl replace --force -f /tmp/kubectl-edit-XXXX.yaml
After the Pod is recreated with the new volume, verify that the logs are now being written to the host’s /var/log/webapp/app.log file.

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Creating a Persistent Volume (PV)

To leverage persistent storage, create a Persistent Volume. Here is an example PV specification using a hostPath: 
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
  name: pv-log
spec:
  capacity:
    storage: 100Mi
  accessModes:
    - ReadWriteMany
  persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy: Retain
  hostPath:
    path: /pv/log
  1. Save the file as pv.yaml.
  2. Create the PV using: 
    kubectl create -f pv.yaml
  3. Verify that the PV is available: 
    kubectl get pv

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Creating a Persistent Volume Claim (PVC)

Now, create a Persistent Volume Claim to request storage from the configured PV. Initially, your PVC might look like this: 
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
  name: claim-log-1
spec:
  accessModes:
    - ReadWriteOnce
  resources:
    requests:
      storage: 50Mi
  1. Save the file as pvc.yaml.
  2. Apply it with: 
    kubectl create -f pvc.yaml
  3. Check the state of the PVC: 
    kubectl get pvc
At this point, you might notice that the PVC is still in a Pending state due to an access mode mismatch. Although the PV has a capacity of 100Mi, the PVC requests ReadWriteOnce while the PV supports ReadWriteMany.
To resolve the pending state, update the PVC to request ReadWriteMany access mode, ensuring that it correctly binds to the PV.
Edit the pvc.yaml file accordingly and execute: 
kubectl replace --force -f pvc.yaml
Verify that the PVC and PV are now correctly bound: 
kubectl get pv
kubectl get pvc
You should see output similar to: 
NAME      CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   RECLAIM POLICY   STATUS   CLAIM                     STORAGECLASS   AGE
pv-log    100Mi      RWX            Retain           Bound    default/claim-log-1       <none>         5m5s
And: 
NAME          STATUS   VOLUME   CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   STORAGECLASS   AGE
claim-log-1   Bound    pv-log   100Mi      RWX            <none>         26s

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Updating the Pod to Use the PVC

Update the webapp Pod configuration to mount the storage from the PVC instead of relying on the hostPath directly. Here is the updated volume configuration snippet for the Pod: 
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: webapp
spec:
  containers:
  - name: event-simulator
    image: kodekloud/event-simulator
    imagePullPolicy: Always
    env:
      - name: LOG_HANDLERS
        value: file
    volumeMounts:
      - name: kube-api-access-lmntb
        mountPath: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount
        readOnly: true
      - name: log-volume
        mountPath: /log
  dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst
  nodeName: controlplane
  restartPolicy: Always
  volumes:
  - name: kube-api-access-lmntb
    projected:
      defaultMode: 420
      sources:
        - serviceAccountToken:
            expirationSeconds: 3607
            path: token
  - name: log-volume
    persistentVolumeClaim:
      claimName: claim-log-1
Replace the previous Pod definition by forcing a replacement if necessary: 
kubectl replace --force -f <your-updated-pod-file.yaml>
After the update, verify that logs are now available on the host through the PV by checking /pv/log/app.log.

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Examining the Reclaim Policy and Cleanup Behavior

The persistent volume pv-log is configured with a reclaim policy of Retain. This means that if the PVC is deleted, the PV is not automatically removed; it remains in the cluster with a status of Released. Check its status with: 
kubectl get pv pv-log
Expected output: 
NAME      CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   RECLAIM POLICY   STATUS     CLAIM                   STORAGECLASS   AGE
pv-log    100Mi      RWX            Retain           Bound      default/claim-log-1     <none>         9m47s
If you attempt to delete the PVC while it is still mounted by an active Pod, it may remain in a terminating state until the Pod is deleted. To fully remove the PVC and allow the PV to transition to a Released state, delete the associated Pod first.
For example:
  1. Delete the PVC: 
    kubectl delete pvc claim-log-1
  2. If the PVC appears stuck, delete the Pod: 
    kubectl delete pod webapp
Finally, check the PV status to confirm it has transitioned to Released: 
kubectl get pv pv-log
This lab exercise has guided you through configuring a hostPath volume for log persistence, creating and binding a PV and PVC, updating a Pod to utilize the PVC, and understanding the effects of the reclaim policy on cleanup behavior. For more detailed Kubernetes concepts and examples, consider exploring the official Kubernetes Documentation.

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