Reference Tags Reuse Configuration Integration Testing

In this lesson, we’ll walk through how to leverage GitLab CI/CD reference tags (!reference) and standard YAML anchors to share configuration snippets across multiple jobs. By doing so, you can DRY up your pipeline definitions—pulling in values like image, before_script, or script from one job into another and avoiding duplication.

1. Basic YAML Anchors and `!reference` Tags

GitLab CI/CD supports two primary mechanisms for reusing snippets:

Method	Syntax	Use Case
YAML Anchors	`&anchor` / `*alias`	Share simple lists or maps within the file
GitLab `!reference`	`!reference [job, section]`	Import complete sections (`script`, etc.)

# .gitlab-ci.yml
.default_scripts: &default_scripts
  - ./default-script1.sh
  - ./default-script2.sh

job1:
  script:
    - *default_scripts

Or use GitLab’s custom reference tag:

# setup.yml
.setup:
  script:
    - echo "creating environment"

# .gitlab-ci.yml
include:
  - local: setup.yml

.teardown:
  after_script:
    - echo "deleting environment"

test:
  script:
    - !reference [.setup, script]

YAML anchors work within the same file, while !reference can pull from hidden jobs or included files.

2. Preparing the Kubernetes Environment

Let’s define two hidden jobs: one for Node.js and one for Kubernetes deployment. We’ll attach an anchor (&kubernetes_deploy_job) to reuse the Kubernetes job’s image later.

variables:
  # Add global variables here…

.prepare_nodejs_environment:
  image: node:14
  script:
    - npm install

.prepare_deployment_environment: &kubernetes_deploy_job
  image:
    name: alpine:3.7
  dependencies: []
  before_script:
    - wget https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/$(wget -q -O - https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/stable.txt)/bin/linux/amd64/kubectl
    - chmod +x ./kubectl
    - mv ./kubectl /usr/bin/kubectl
    - apk add --no-cache gettext
    - envsubst --version

Make sure hidden jobs (prefixed with .) are not executed on their own—they only serve as references.

3. Two Almost-Identical Integration Tests

Consider two integration testing jobs—dev and staging. They share the same image, identical before_script, and script blocks:

k8s_dev_deploy:
  stage: dev-deploy
  image: alpine:3.7
  needs:
    - k8s_stage_deploy
  before_script:
    - apk --no-cache add curl jq
  script:
    - echo "$INGRESS_URL"
    - curl -s -k "https://$INGRESS_URL/live"  | jq -r .status | grep -i live
    - curl -s -k "https://$INGRESS_URL/ready" | jq -r .status | grep -i ready

k8s_stage_deploy:
  stage: stage-deploy
  image: alpine:3.7
  needs:
    - k8s_dev_deploy
  before_script:
    - apk --no-cache add curl jq
  script:
    - echo "$INGRESS_URL"
    - curl -s -k "https://$INGRESS_URL/live"  | jq -r .status | grep -i live
    - curl -s -k "https://$INGRESS_URL/ready" | jq -r .status | grep -i ready

Rather than duplicating, let’s pull these blocks into new jobs via !reference.

4. Reusing the `image` Definition

We can reuse the image from .prepare_deployment_environment with:

k8s_dev_integration_testing:
  stage: dev-deploy
  image: !reference [.prepare_deployment_environment, image]
  needs:
    - k8s_dev_deploy
  before_script:
    - apk --no-cache add curl jq
  script:
    - echo "$INGRESS_URL"
    - curl -s -k "https://$INGRESS_URL/live"  | jq -r .status | grep -i live
    - curl -s -k "https://$INGRESS_URL/ready" | jq -r .status | grep -i ready

k8s_stage_integration_testing:
  stage: stage-deploy
  image: !reference [.prepare_deployment_environment, image]
  needs:
    - k8s_stage_deploy
  before_script:
    - apk --no-cache add curl jq
  script:
    - echo "$INGRESS_URL"
    - curl -s -k "https://$INGRESS_URL/live"  | jq -r .status | grep -i live
    - curl -s -k "https://$INGRESS_URL/ready" | jq -r .status | grep -i ready

Now, updating the base image in one place updates both jobs.

5. Reusing `before_script` and `script` Blocks

To avoid repeating before_script or script, reference the dev-integration job directly:

k8s_dev_integration_testing:
  stage: dev-deploy
  image: !reference [.prepare_deployment_environment, image]
  needs:
    - k8s_dev_deploy
  before_script:
    - apk --no-cache add curl jq
  script:
    - echo "$INGRESS_URL"
    - curl -s -k "https://$INGRESS_URL/live"  | jq -r .status | grep -i live
    - curl -s -k "https://$INGRESS_URL/ready" | jq -r .status | grep -i ready

k8s_stage_integration_testing:
  stage: stage-deploy
  image: !reference [.prepare_deployment_environment, image]
  needs:
    - k8s_stage_deploy
  before_script: !reference [k8s_dev_integration_testing, before_script]
  script:        !reference [k8s_dev_integration_testing, script]

This ensures both jobs stay in sync for setup and testing steps.

6. Full Snippet with Artifacts and Environment

For a consolidated pipeline, include artifacts and environment details alongside your reused blocks:

artifacts:
  reports:
    dotenv:
      - app_ingress_url.env

environment:
  name: staging
  url: "https://$INGRESS_URL"

k8s_stage_integration_testing:
  stage: stage-deploy
  image: !reference [.prepare_deployment_environment, image]
  needs:
    - k8s_stage_deploy
  before_script: !reference [k8s_dev_integration_testing, before_script]
  script:        !reference [k8s_dev_integration_testing, script]

Conclusion

By combining standard YAML anchors (& / *) with GitLab’s custom !reference tags, you can effectively DRY up your CI/CD definitions. Pull in common image, before_script, or script sections from hidden or existing jobs—simplifying maintenance and reducing errors.

Introduction

Architecture & Core Concepts

Continuous Integration with GitLab

Continuous Deployment with GitLab

Optimization, Security and Monitoring

Self-Managed Runners

Auto DevOps

Reference Tags Reuse Configuration Integration Testing

1. Basic YAML Anchors and `!reference` Tags

2. Preparing the Kubernetes Environment

3. Two Almost-Identical Integration Tests

4. Reusing the `image` Definition

5. Reusing `before_script` and `script` Blocks

6. Full Snippet with Artifacts and Environment

Conclusion

Links and References

Watch Video

​1. Basic YAML Anchors and !reference Tags

​2. Preparing the Kubernetes Environment

​3. Two Almost-Identical Integration Tests

​4. Reusing the image Definition

​5. Reusing before_script and script Blocks

​6. Full Snippet with Artifacts and Environment

​Conclusion

​Links and References

Watch Video

1. Basic YAML Anchors and `!reference` Tags

2. Preparing the Kubernetes Environment

3. Two Almost-Identical Integration Tests

4. Reusing the `image` Definition

5. Reusing `before_script` and `script` Blocks

6. Full Snippet with Artifacts and Environment

Conclusion

Links and References